What is Bipolar Disorder?

Bipolar disorder is a mental illness characterized by severe mood swings, including elevated moods known as mania and episodes of depression. Bipolar disorder is also referred to as manic-depressive illness.

People with bipolar disorder may struggle with daily tasks, work, and maintaining relationships. While there is no definitive cure, several treatment options can help manage the symptoms.

Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder

Although it is not a rare condition, diagnosing bipolar disorder can be challenging due to its varying symptoms. Three main symptoms associated with bipolar disorder include:

• Mania
• Hypomania
• Depression

During a manic episode, individuals may feel heightened emotions such as excitement, impulsiveness, euphoria, and high energy. Behaviors during mania can include overspending, unprotected sex, and substance abuse.

Hypomania is less severe than mania and may not disrupt work, school, or social relationships. However, individuals may still notice mood changes. During a depressive episode, symptoms such as deep sadness, hopelessness, loss of energy, lack of interest in previously enjoyable activities, irregular sleep patterns, and suicidal thoughts may occur.

Causes of Bipolar Disorder

Although bipolar disorder is a common mental health condition, its exact causes remain unclear. Possible factors contributing to the disorder include:

Genetics

Research shows a strong genetic link in individuals with bipolar disorder. If a parent or sibling has bipolar disorder, the risk of developing the condition increases four to six times compared to those without a family history. However, not all relatives of individuals with bipolar disorder will develop it, and many people with the disorder have no family history of it.

Brain Structure

The structure of the brain may influence the risk of developing bipolar disorder. Abnormalities in brain structure or function can increase susceptibility.

Environmental Factors

External factors such as extreme stress, traumatic experiences, and physical illness may also contribute. Often, a combination of factors plays a role in the development of bipolar disorder.

How to Treat Bipolar Disorder

Several treatment methods can help manage bipolar disorder, including medications, counseling, and lifestyle changes. Some practical steps include:

• Establishing a routine for eating and sleeping.
• Learning to recognize mood changes.
• Enlisting the support of a friend or family member to assist with treatment plans.
• Speaking with a healthcare provider or licensed therapist.

If you think a friend or family member might have bipolar disorder, encourage them to discuss their symptoms with a healthcare professional.